Table of Content

15 February 2016 Volume 34 Issue 2

  

Bioinformatic analysis of regulation of microRNA on target genes in pediatric asthma　

DONG Xiaoyan, LU Quan, ZHANG Huiyan, GU Jianlei, ZHONG Nan

. 2016, 34(2):  81.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.001

Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (1724KB) ( 551 )  

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Objective　To understand the underlying mechanism of mites-induced pediatric asthma by bioinformatic analysis on specific microRNA (miRNA) array and target gene screening. Methods　This is a case control study of 62 pairs of dust mites-induced asthma children with age and gender matched healthy controls. Twelve pairs were randomly selected for miRNA array. The abnormal expression of miRNAs was compared between asthma and control children. The results were validated by RT-qPCR and bioinformatic analysis in remaining pairs of children. Results　Six miRNAs (miRNA-151a-5p, 625-5p, 126-3p, 513a-5p, 27b-3p, 22-3p) were significantly down-regulated more than two folds in dust mites-induced asthma children than those in controls. The enriched bioinformatics analysis showed that these miRNAs and their target genes CBL, PPARGC1B, ESR1, ONECUT2, EGFR, SYK, and STAT1 were related to inflammatory cytokine signaling pathway. Conclusion It is suggested that miR-22-3p, 513a-5p, 625-5p, 27b-3p, and miRNA-target genes form a network through co-regulation to target genes to participate dust mites-induced asthma in children.

Multivariate analysis of efficacy of nebulized inhalation of 3% hypertonic saline in pediatric inpatient with bronchiolitis

CHEN Sisi, REN Luo, LUO Jian, LUO Zhengxiu, LIU Enmei

. 2016, 34(2):  88.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.002

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　Objective　To evaluate the efficacy and influencing factors of 3% hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation in treatment of bronchiolitis. Methods　Clinical data together with the detection of 16 types of respiratory tract virus from hospitalized pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis from June 2009 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The endpoint indicators for evaluation on the efficacy of nebulized 3% HS inhalation were the percent decrease of clinical severity (CS) score after 2 days' treatment and the hospitalization time. Factors affecting efficacy were further explored. Results　The CS score in nebulized 3% HS treated group decreased in average of 42.86% (11.11%-66.67%), significantly higher than that (26.79%, 0.00%-50.00%) in the untreated group (P=0.006). No difference of between the two groups (P=0.26). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that nebulized 3% HS inhalation has better efficacy on the patients older than 3 months having breastfeeding, respiratory synthetic syncytial virus (RSV) infection and extensive wheezing sound auscultation of the lungs. The multiple linear regression analysis model was statistically significant (R2=0.58, P < 0.001). Conclusions　After 2 days' treatment with 3% hypertonic saline inhalation, the CS score of bronchiolitis patients was decreased. The treatment can be recommended in hospitalized patient older than 3 months with breastfeeding, RSV infection, and extensive wheezing sound auscultation of the lungs.

　人偏肺病毒|人博卡病毒|呼吸道感染|儿童

　ZHANG Yunhong, SUN Yu, JIA Yunxia, LIU Yan, LAN Tao, ZHAO Linqing, QIAN Yuan, ZHU Runan, WANG Naichang

. 2016, 34(2):  93.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.003

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Objective　 To investigate the status and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Taiyuan. Methods　A total of 549 children with ARTIs from November 2012 to May 2013 and November 2013 to May 2014 were recruited. The pharyngeal swab specimens were collected. The hMPV and HBoV were detected by using real-time PCR. Results　In 549 children, 56 children (10.2%) were hMPV positive on swab specimens, 15 children (2.7%) were HBoV positive on swab specimens. The detection rates of hMPV and HBoV in November 2012 to May 2013 were 12.3% and 2.0%, respectively, and in November 2013 to May 2014 were 6.5% and 4.0%, respectively. The detection rate of hMPV was significantly different between two periods (P<0.05), while the detection rate of HBoV has no significant difference between two periods. In different months, the detection rate of hMPV and HBoV showed no significant difference. The highest detection rates of hMPV and HBoV were all in children younger than two years old. The highest detection rate of hMPV was in children with asthmatic bronchitis or bronchiolitis. Conclusion　In Taiyuan, during the monitoring periods, the ARITS are associated with childhood hMPV and HBoV infection especially in infants and toddlers. hMPV is one of the most important pathogens in infants and toddlers with wheezing.

Analysis of risk factors for complicated parapneumonic effusion in children

HAO Xiaojing, AN Shuhua, LI Jinying, LI Quanheng

. 2016, 34(2):  97.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.004

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Objective　To investigate the related risk factors of complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE) in children. Method　The clinical data of 88 children with parapneumonic effusion (PPE) were retrospectively analyzed from January 2013 to April 2015. According to the treatment effect of antibiotics, CPPE group and uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UPPE) group were divided. The univariate analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters was performed between two groups. Then the multifactor logistic regression was performed further. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was draw. Results The univariate analysis indicated that the risk factors were the formation of loculation and serum CD3+ and CD19+ levels (Z=2.030~7.457, P<0.05). The multifactor logistic regression showed that the formation of loculation（OR=3.386, P=0.018） and serum CD19+ levels （OR=4.000, P=0.009）were independent risk factors of CPPE. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 0.707, which indicated that the regression model had medium diagnostic accuracy (P=0.001). Conclusion　CPPE may be developed in PPE children with the serum level of CD19+ >30% and the formation of loculation.

Clinical characteristics of bacterial pneumonia with normal procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in infants and toddlers#br# 　

ZHANG Yujue, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Lanping

. 2016, 34(2):  101.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.005

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Objective　To study clinical characteristics of bacterial pneumonia with normal procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in infants and toddlers. Methods　Retrospective analysis of clinical data of infants and toddlers with bacterial pneumonia was performed from January 1, 2013 to March 30, 2015. Of them, there were 92 cases with normal PCT and CRP (case groupe) and 95 cases with significantly higher PCT and CRP (control group). Results　The median age was 9.25 months in the case group, which was significantly younger than that in the control group (16.55 months) (P<0.05). The median of the course before admission was 5.17 days in the case group, which was significantly longer than that in the control group (3.5 days) (P<0.05). The proportions of fever, dyspnea, and hypoxemia were significantly lower in the case group than those in the control group (P<0.05). Administration of antibiotics before admission was found in 83.69% of cases in the cases group, which was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The most common pathogens in the case group was Haemophilus influenza, while Streptococcus pneumonia was the most common in the control group. Conclusion 　The possibility of bacterial infection cannot be ruled out in pneumonia with normal CRP and PCT in infants and toddlers.

Pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance in one hundred children of bacterial meningitis

LIN Luona, LIN Li, WEN Shunhang, CHEN Xiuzhen, SHANG Yanping, LI Changchong

. 2016, 34(2):  105.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.006

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Objective　To investigate the pathogenic bacteria distribution, antibiotics resistance, and clinical features of childhood bacterial meningitis (BM). Methods　Clinical data from BM children with positive cerebrospinal fluid culture were retrospectively analyzed from March 2004 to March 2015. According to age, the BM children were divided into neonates group (0-28 days), infants group (—1 year), and children group ( ≥ 1 year). According to the onset time, the BM children were divided into the early group (March 2004 to March 2010) and the late group (April 2010 to March 2015). According to the clinical situation, the BM children were divided into the trauma and surgery secondary infection group and the control group. Results  A total of 100 BM children were recruited. One hundred and two strains of pathogens were detected, 62 (60.8%) strains of Gram positive bacteria and 40 (39.2%) strains of Gram negative bacteria. The main pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (33 strains), Escherichia coli (22 strains), and Streptococcus agalactiae (10 strains). The proportion of Streptococcus agalactiae was higher in the late group (18.8% (9 cases)) than that in the early group (1.9% (1 case)) ( χ2=6.406, P=0.011). The proportion of coagulase-negative staphylococci was higher in the trauma and surgery secondary infection group than that in the control group (χ2=6.631, P=0.010). Drug sensitivity analysis found that 60.0% of Escherichia coli produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the control group, while the only one strain of Escherichia coli in the trauma and surgery secondary infection group was ESBLs negative. Streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Streptococcus agalactiae were all found in the control group, which were all sensitive to penicillin and linezolid. The sensitive rate to vancomycin was only 70%. The incidence of complications in neonates group, infants group, and children group was 55.0% (22/40), 78.6% (33/42), and 33.3% (6/18), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=11.848, P<0.05). The most common complications in these three age groups were ventricular dilatation (40.9%), subdural effusion (45.5%), and hydrocephalus (40.0%), respectively. Thirty-five children were cured, 41 children were improved and discharged, 22 children were not cured and left the hospital, and 2 children died. Conclusions　Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae were the predominant pathogens in childhood BM. The Streptococcus agalactiae infection is increased in the late group. The complications is varied in different age groups.

Clinical analysis of 4 cases of Leigh syndrome in children

WANG Lihui, ZHENG Huacheng, YANG Huafang, YUE Ling, ZUO Yuexian, LI Baoguang, CUI Xiaopu

. 2016, 34(2):  111.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.007

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Objective To explore the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and prognosis of Leigh syndrome in children. Method　Clinical data from 4 cases of Leigh syndrome confirmed by genetic testing were retrospectively analyzed. The related literature were reviewed. Results　In 4 cases, 3 were boys and one was a girl, 3 cases were onset in infant and one case was in school age. The main manifestations were mental retardation, low muscle tone, convulsions, feeding difficulties, drooping eyelids, extraocular muscle paralysis and nystagmus, irritation, activity intolerance etc. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed symmetry long T1, T2 abnormal signal in brainstem, bilateral globus pallidus, thalamus, cerebellar dentate  nuclei, and periaqueductal, 3 cases involved midbrain, one case involved thalamus, and one case involved cerebellar dentate nuclei; 2 cases had encephalatrophy. Electromyography was normal in all cases. The levels of lactate in blood and cerebrospinal fluid were increased. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) detection found the mutation of mtDNA 8993 T>G in one case, and the mutation of mtDNA 9176 T>C in another 3 cases. The case onset in school age died of respiratory failure one month later, and another 3 cases were still in follow up, there were mental retardation, but no significant setback. Conclusion　The clinical manifestations of Leigh syndrome in children are diverse. The diagnosis is based on the typical clinical manifestations and MRI, blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels. The genetic testing is the golden standard for diagnosis.

Clinicopathological comparative study of IgM nephropathy and IgA nephropathy in children　

　LU Cunjiu, LI Yanhong, LI Xiaozhong, WANG Xingdong

. 2016, 34(2):  115.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.008

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　Objective　To compare the clinical and pathological differences between IgM nephropathy (IgMN) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in children. Methods　Clinical manifestations, laboratory examination results, and renal pathological data from 38 children with IgMN and 40 children with IgAN were compared. Results　The mean age of onset in IgMN group was younger than that in IgAN group (P<0.05), the mean course before renal biopsy of IgMN group was longer than that of IgAN group (P<0.05), but the incidence of gross hematuria, the level of urinary IgG and albumin, and the incidence of severe glomerular injury were all higher in IgAN group than those in IgMN group (P<0.05). In IgMN group, the level of serum albumin was lower and the urine albumin was higher in the cases with severe glomerular injury than those in the cases without severe glomerular injury (P<0.05); there were more males in those cases with sever glomerular injuries; the incidences of gross hematuria, the level of urine albumin and NAG, and the abnormal basement membrane thickness was higher in the cases with severe tubular injury than those in the cases without severe tubular injury (P<0.05). However, the incidence of severe glomerular injury had no significant difference between the cases with severe and without severe renal tubular injury (P>0.05). In IgAN group, the incidence of proteinuria, RBC casts in tubular, C3 and fibrinogen deposition, and foot process effacement were higher in the cases with severe glomerular injury than those in the cases without severe glomerular injury (P<0.05); the degree of impairment of renal function, the incidence of severe mesangial cell proliferation, and glomerular sclerosis were more serious in the cases with severe tubular injury than those in the cases without severe tubular injury (P<0.05). Conclusions　The clinical and pathological features are different between IgMN and IgAN in children. The renal damage is less in IgMN than that in IgAN children. Different from IgAN children, there is no parallel relationship between tubular and glomerular injury in IgMN children.

One case report of lipoprotein glomerulopathy with literature review　

　JIA Limin, ZHANG Jianjiang, SHI Peipei, ZENG Huiqin, DOU Wenjie, ZENG Lina, JIA Donghua, CHEN Yinghua, KONG Xiangdong

. 2016, 34(2):  120.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.009

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　Objective　To discuss the clinical characteristics and prognosis of lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) in children. Method　Clinical data of one pediatric LPG patient were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical features and prognosis of childhood LPG were summarized based on literature review. Results　A nine years old girl presented with frequent urination. The first urine test revealed hematuria and proteinuria. After one week anti-infection treatment, the hematuria and proteinuria were continued. The serum albumin was slightly reduced. The hyperlipidemia and mild anemia were emerged. Kidney biopsy showed that enlarged glomeruli, with dilated capillary loops and weak eosinophilic lipoprotein thrombi in the capillary lumina under the light microscope; layered or tufted "embolus" containing particulated lipid vacuoles under electron microscope. Gene sequencing identified APOE Tokyo (Leu141-Lys143→0). The diagnosis of LPG was confirmed. The lipid-lowering therapy was administrated and the disease was alleviated. Conclusion　LPG is a rare disease in children. The level of blood lipid was significantly increased, and the hormone therapy was ineffective. Kidney biopsy is the main basis for diagnosis. The genetic testing can prompt the genetic background. Lipid lowering therapy can relieve the progress of the disease.

Detection and identification of serum biomarker for ganglioneuroblastoma in children

　YANG Yang,WANG Jiaxiang, GUO Fei, ZHANG Da, JIA Jia

. 2016, 34(2):  124.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.010

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　Objective　To build a more perfect serum protein fingerprint models for early diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) in children. Methods　Thirty children with GNB and 30 normal control children were recruited. Serum samples were collected. Nonspecific serum protein was detected and studied by MB-WCX processing, SELDI-TOF-MS mass spectrometry system and MALDI-TOF/TOF platform. Results　Through the SELDL-TOX-MS processing, a peak at 5920 m/z protein markers, and the expression of the markers was high in GNB children (6180.6±2328), compared with normal control children (419.1±493.3), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); MALDI-TOF/TOF platform showed that the protein with a peak at 5920 m/z is identified as ApoC- Ⅲ . Conclusions　m/z peak of 5920 protein is suggested as specific biomarker of GNB in children, can provide significant reference for early diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma, and prognostic monitoring.

Imaging features of 6 children with splenic primary solitary tumor

　SHI Jing, DU Jun, WU Wei（

. 2016, 34(2):  128.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.011

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　Objective　To explore the imaging features of pediatric splenic primary solitary tumor. Methods　The medical imaging appearances of 6 children with splenic primary solitary tumor confirmed by surgery and pathology from January 2010 to August 2015 were retrospectively studied. The related literatur were reviewed. Results　In 6 children, 2 children of cystic lesions, ultrasound showed anechoic mass, CT scan showed low density mass, without change after contrast, pathologically confirmed as congenital cyst; 2 children’s ultrasound showed solid echo, color Doppler ultrasound explored the blood flow signals, contrast CT showed the lower strength around the splenic parenchyma, pathologically confirmed as splenic lymphangioma; one child’s unltrasound showed echo mass with rich signals of blood flow, MRI scans showed T1WI, T2WI and other signals of lumps, with little homogenity after contrast, pathologically confirmed as splenic hamartoma; one child’s ultrasound cannot distinguish tumor boundaries, contrast CT scan showed concentric filling reinforcement, pathologically confirmed as hemangioma. Conclusion Splenic primary solitary tumor in children is rare. There are no specific clinical characteristics. The image findings can define the locations and help the differential diagnosis. The final diagnosis depends on pathology.

Pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis of hereditary Glanzmann thrombasthenia

LI Jianqin, WANG Zhaoyue, HU Shaoyan, ZHAO Xiaojuan, CAO Lijuan

. 2016, 34(2):  132.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.012

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Objective　To explore the gene sequencing and prenatal diagnosis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT). Methods　The blood samples were drawn from one case of phenotype GT pediatric patient, patient’s parents, and one normal control. The amniotic fluid and cord blood from the fetus of patient’s mother were collected. When the fetus was born 2 days, the blood was drawn. The coagulation routine test and platelet aggregation test were performed. The expression of platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb and GPIIIa were tested by flow cytometry. Microsatellite technology is used to determine whether fetal cord blood is contaminated with maternal cells. The expressed region and the junctional zone between exon and introns of GPIIb and GPIIIa were amplified by PCR technology from blood sample of patient, patient’s parents, and fetus’s cord and 2 days after birth. The PCR products were then subjected to DNA sequencing. Results　Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) cannot induce the platelet aggregation in the patient. The max rate of the platelet aggregation in the fetus’s cord blood was half of the normal. However, the max aggregation rate induced by ADP in the blood sample of parents and fetus 2 days after birth were equal to normal. The mean fluorescence intensity (MnX) of platelet membrane GPIIb and GPIIIa in the patient were 10% and nearly zero of the normal control, respectively, while those in the parents, the fetus’s cord blood and 2 days after birth were more than 90% and 30% to 50% of the normal control. The cast-off cells in amniotic fluid and the DNA in cord blood analysis by microsatellite technology confirmed that the amniotic fluid and cord blood not contaminated by maternal cells. Gene analysis showed the heterozygosis mutation in exon6 A3829→C and exon9 G42186→A of the patient’s GPIIIa led to the amino acid heterozygosis mutation in GPIIIaHis281→Tyr and Cys400→Pro. These two mutations came from the father and the mother separately. However, there was only one heterozygosis mutation in exon9 G42186→A in the cast-off cells in amniotic fluid, the fetus’s cord and blood 2 days after birth. Conclusion　This GT patient have double heterozygosis mutation. The fetus has heterozygosis mutation confirmed after birth.

Association between MPO gene polymorphism and clinical characteristics in children with Kawasaki disease　

XIONG Zhi, WANG Liqiong, JIN Xiangqun

. 2016, 34(2):  136.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.013

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Objective　To investigate the association between MPO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci (rs2333227, -643G/A) and clinical characteristics in Kawasaki disease (KD) in Han population in central China. Methods　A case-control study was performed. Two hundred and thirty-seven children with KD and 249 normal children were recruited. The polymorphism distribution of SNP was detected using PCR-RFLP. The clinical data of children with KD were collected. Results The frequency of SNP loci (rs2333227) genotypes (GG, GA, AA) was significantly different between children with KD and normal children (P=0.039), the allele frequency was also significantly different between two groups (P=0.012), and the G allele was the risk factor. Compared with other genotypes, KD children with GG genotype had higher frequency in hand-foot edema (P=0.029). The SNP polymorphism was also associated with peritoneal effusion (P=0.028), however this SNP polymorphism was not associated with conjunctival hyperemia, oral mucosa lesions, and coronary artery lesion (P>0.05), also was not associated to imaging characteristics of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lobular pneumonia (P>0.05). Conclusion　The SNP loci (rs2333227) in MPO gene was associated with KD susceptibility, the G allele was a risk factor, and the SNP polymorphisms is associated with some clinical characteristic.

One case report of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis with atlantoaxial subluxation as the initial manifestation

　LIN Zhi, LI Zhihui, ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Liang, XUN Mai

. 2016, 34(2):  139.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.014

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　Objective　To explore the clinical features of systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) with atlantoaxial subluxation as the initial manifestation. Methods　The clinical data from one SoJIA patient with atlantoaxial subluxation as the initial manifestation were retrospectively analyzed. Results 　A 9-year-old boy presented the head and neck movement disorder as the first symptom, developed fever on the third day, then rapidly progressed on 23rd day, with a sharp decline in red blood cell, platelet, and hemoglobin, blood coagulation dysfunction, and a large number of bilateral pulmonary exudation. Ultrasonography showed excess fluid in abdomen, chest, and pericardium. According to the 2001 version of the revised International College of Rheumatology standard, the diagnosis of SoJIA combined macrophage activation syndrome was confirmed. Then treated with hemoperfusion, filtration, and methylprednisolone combined with cyclosporine A, the disease was in remission. Conclusion　 For children with spontaneous atlantoaxial subluxation accompanied by the systemic symptoms, with no obvious skeletal deformity or acute inflammation etc., should be alerted to the consideration of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Length-chest circumference index of 13776 cases normal term newborn in different gestational ages

HUANG Xiaoyun, LIU Huilong, MAI Huifen, LEI Min, LIAN Zhaohui, LI Youcong

. 2016, 34(2):  142.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.015

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Objective　To obtain the length-chest circumference index of normal term newborns in different gestational age. Methods　By cross-sectional time cluster sampling fact-finding investigation method, the anthropometric data on 16388 newborns from 2013 to 2015 were measured, including birth weight, length, crown-rump length, head circumference, and chest circumference, to develop normal full-term infants height chest circumference index (BCI) in different gestational age. Results Anthropometric data of 13776 normal term infants were available at the end of the study. The BCI, Ververck Index (VI), Elisma index (EI) were increasing with the gestational age at newborn. BCI, VI, EI in male is less than those of female with significant difference (P<0.05). There were some differences of newborn’s BCI, VI and EI in 2015 than those in 2005. Conclusion　Compared to ten years ago, chest fullness increased with gestational age at different gestational ages in normal full-term infants, and the chest fullness in male is less than that in female.

Research progress of optimizing vancomycin individual administration with the PK/PD model　

ZOU Xin

. 2016, 34(2):  146.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.016

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Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic separated from streptomycete, having been used as the first choice to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection so far. The studies show that because of the individual difference in the metabolism of vancomycin, it is difficult to get the trough concentration of pediatric patients severely ill or complicatedly infected to reach the target range (15—20 mg/L). However, with the help of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of vancomycin and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter (PK/PD) mode, the PK/PD parameters to achieve the precise control can be acquired by using the Bayes feedback. By a stretched review from clinical medication guide of vancomycin to the latest evidence from research, this paper fully demonstrates that renal function, weight, age, and disease state are the principal parameters to impact pediatric patient’s vancomycin metabolism and that the area under the concentration-time curve divided by the minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) ≥ 400 is the better cut-off value to determine vancomycin efficacy and toxicity.

Chloride channels and kidney diseases　

PU Jinyun

. 2016, 34(2):  150.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.017

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　Chloride ion is an important anion in organisms, managing various physiological events. A particular gene mutation leads to involved channel deficiency and to develop channelopathy. In kidney, different chloride channels distribute along certain fractions of the renal tubule, located at apical and basolateral membranes of tubular epithelial cells. Previous studies discovered that voltage-sensitive chloride channels in kidney are associated with Bartter syndrome and Dent’s disease. In addition, the kidney can be involved by cystic fibrosis resulting from dysfunction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. In this review, the function and mechanism of chloride channels in maintenance of normal renal function, and the renal diseases caused by related gene defects were discussed.

Progress on ultrasonography assessment of pneumonia in pediatric patients

ZHAO Qianru, MA Hongbiao, FU Dapeng

. 2016, 34(2):  154.  doi:10.3969 j.issn.1000-3606.2016.02.018

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Pneumonia is a major disease threatening the health of children, and its diagnosis mainly depends on medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray and CT examination. The reliability of the physical examination was low, while the chest X-ray and CT examination had certain radiation damage to children. Therefore, in recent years, the application of lung ultrasound is popular in diagnosis of pneumonia in pediatric patients. This article reviewed the application of lung ultrasonography in diagnosis and follow-up of pneumonia in pediatric patients..