Abstract: 　Objective　To explore the genetic characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of hereditary spherical polycythemia (HS). Methods　The clinical data of one case of HS was analyzed retrospectively, and related literatures were reviewed. Results　The 5-year-old girl presented hemolytic anemia from 6 months old. Incubation of fragility tests was positive. Blood smears and red cell electron microscopy showed spherical red blood cells. DNA sequencing showed alterations in heterozygosity of stopgain SNV. The girl was diagnosed was HS, and was scheduled to undergo splenectomy at 6 years old. Conclusions　HS is an autosomal dominant genetic disease, mainly manifested as anemia, hemolytic anemia, and splenomegaly. The early diagnosis depends on genetic testing.