For more than 40 years, fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of children's lung diseases. With the development of clinical research and the improvement of new pathogen detection technology, the role of fiberbronchoscope in the diagnosis of children's pulmonary infectious diseases has been further recognized. Its application has been included in a number of guidelines for diagnosis of special infections including pulmonary fungal infection, ventilator associated pneumonia, recurrent pneumonia, as well as in special population such as immunocompromised patients. Considerable progress has been made in foreign body removal and endoscopic surgery during the treatment, but the effectiveness of the treatment of infection-related lung polyps and atelectasis in children is still controversial. A new understanding of the value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children with pulmonary infectious diseases is conducive to the standardized diagnosis and treatment of children with pulmonary infectious diseases.