Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart disease in which the ductus arteriosus of newborns remains open continuously after birth. The incidence of PDA in newborns, especially premature infants, is very high. If it is not treated in time, it will often cause serious complications and increase the mortality of premature infants. At present, non-selective COX enzyme inhibitors were the main drugs used to treat PDA to close the ductus arteriosus by blocking the production of prostaglandin, which have certain limitations and side effects. Studying the molecular mechanisms that affect the closure of ductus arteriosus and understanding the pathogenesis of PDA will help develop new targeted drugs that promote ductus arteriosus closure in PDA patients to reduce the failure rate and side effects of drug therapy. This article summarizes the studies on molecular mechanisms affecting the closure of ductus arteriosus, expounds the possible pathogenesis of PDA, and provides new insights for exploring new treatment methods