Food for special medical purpose (FSMP) has undergone significant development in China. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of China’s special medical food industry, including its journey from its inception to independent research and development. Furthermore, it discusses the progress made in clinical application, product types, research and development capabilities, as well as regulation and standard management. The challenges and opportunities faced by the special medical food industry in China are also explored. As the domestic and international markets continue to expand and technology advances, FSMP will increasingly play a crucial role in the field of clinical nutrition therapy.