Objective To summarize the genetic clinical manifestations and mutation typing of 10 pediatric patients with ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 gene mutations, enriching the understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation of this disease and promoting the understanding of this disease by clinicians. Methods A retrospective collection of clinical data from 10 pediatric patients with ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 gene mutations treated at Hospital from November 2015 to June 2024 was conducted. The genetic and clinical characteristics were analyzed, and a literature search was performed to summarize the relationship between the reported types of ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 gene mutations and their clinical manifestations. Results This study included 10 pediatric patients (3 girls and 7 boys), and the age of onset ranged from birth to 14 years old. Three children had onset with convulsions, 2 with muscle weakness, 1 with hemiplegia, 1 with alternating hemiplegia, 1 with attention deficit disorder accompanied by enuresis, 1 with convulsions combined with muscle weakness, and 1 with language and motor disabilities. Genetic testing identified ATP1A2 mutations in 3 cases and ATP1A3 mutations in 7 cases, all of which were point mutations. The mutation sites c.587G>A(p.Arg196His) and c.2841-2A>C in the ATP1A2 gene (NM_000702.3), as well as c.1013C>T(p.Ala338Val) and c.2426C>A(p.Ala809Asp) in the ATP1A3 gene (NM_152296.4) have not been previously reported. Conclusions The newly discovered mutations enrich the mutation spectrum of ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 genes and their clinical manifestations. Meanwhile, it suggests to clinicians that for diseases presenting initially with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, muscle weakness, and hemiplegia, if the treatment outcome is suboptimal, gene testing should be promptly carried out to establish a definite diagnosis.