MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and then affect important physiological and pathological processes. Many microRNAs are tissue or organ-specific which make it possible for them to become potential biomarkers. Similarly, microRNAs are important for physiological functions of kidney and they are involved in various renal disorders. The review summarizes current information about microRNA effect on various kidney diseases, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease in the future.