The incidence of children with iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is still higher in our country now, but the relevant prevention and treatment still lag behind. This paper provides a brief summary of the importance and impact of childhood ID and IDA prevention and treatment practice based on the recent literatures and“The recommendations of prevention and treatment for children with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia” recommended by the Pediatric Hematology Group recently.