Table of Content

15 September 2016 Volume 34 Issue 9

  

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors of multiple drug-resistant infections in neonatal intensive care unit

XIE Zhaoyun, XIONG Yun, SUN Jing, HU Yang, LI Yaofu

. 2016, 34(9):  641.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.001

Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (1460KB) ( 289 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze risk factors of multiple drug-resistant infections in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods The clinical data from 284 hospitalized pediatric patients were retrospectively analyzed from June 2011 to July 2015. The differences between 59 cases with multiple drug-resistant infections and 225 cases with non-multiple drug-resistant infections were compared and analyzed by logistic regression. Results All of 284 cases were single birth. Fifty-nine cases (13.13±9.03 days old) had multiple drug-resistant infections, in which 42 were males and 17 were females. Two hundred and twenty-five cases (14.21±8.34 days old) had non-multiple drug-resistant infections, in which 175 cases of males and 50 cases of females.. Single factor analysis showed that 8 factors, including gestational age, birth weight, days in hospital, Apgar score at birth, mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition, and the categories and duration of use of antimicrobial agents, were the risk factors of multiple drug-resistant infections (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the birth weight and the categories and duration of use of antimicrobial agents were the dominant factors that caused multiple drug-resistant infections in NICU (P < 0.05). Conclusions Effective prevention and control measures should be taken to reduce the multiple drug-resistant infection in NICU.

Analysis of correlation of the mutation of pulmonary surfactant protein B and C gene with respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants in Mongolian

XIN Chun, MEI Hua, LIU Chunzhi, ZHANG Yayu, LIU Chunli, SONG Dan

. 2016, 34(9):  645.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.002

Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (1689KB) ( 307 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze the correlation of the mutations of exon 4 of pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-B and SP-C with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in Mongolian premature infants. Methods Fifty cases of hospitalized genetically unrelated Mongolian premature infants with RDS (31 males, 19 females) were recruited as RDS group. In the same period, 50 cases (27 males, 23 females) of non RDS genetically unrelated premature infants of same ethnicity were choose as the control group. PCR and gene detection were used to detect exon4 of SP-B and SP-C genes. The differences of the genovariation and genotype frequency of 1580 locus in exon4 in SP-B, and of c.571C?>?A (T138N) locus in exon4 in SP-C were compared between two groups. Results The genovariation of 1580 locus in exon4 in SP-B was detected in 14 cases (with aberration rate of 28%) in RDS group and in 11 cases (with aberration rate of 22%) in control group, and the difference is not significant between two groups (χ2=0.480, P?>?0.05). The genotype frequency of CC, TT and CT gene in 1580 locus were 16%, 72%, and 12% respectively in RDS group; and 10%, 78%, and 12% respectively in control group. Meanwhile, the C and T gene frequency was 22% and 78% respectively in RDS group, and 16% and 84% in control group. There was no significant difference in genotype frequency between two groups (χ2=1.170, P?>?0.05). The genovariation of c.571C?>?A (T138N) locus in exon4 in SP-C was detected in 41 cases (with aberration rate of 82%) in RDS group and in 6 cases (with aberration rate of 12%) in control  group, and the difference is significant between the two groups (χ2=49.177, P??A (T138N) locus were 18%, 50%, and 32% respectively in RDS group; and 88%, 8%, and 4% in control group. Meanwhile, the C and A gene frequency was 34% and 66% respectively in RDS group, and 90% and 10% in control group. There was a significant difference in A gene frequency between the two groups (χ2=66.553, P??A (T138N) locus in exon4 in SP-C gene were in a higher risk of RDS. The mutation of 1580 locus in exon4 in SP-B had no correlation with Mongolian premature RDS.

The changes in protein and energy intakes and weight in 2 weeks after birth in appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age preterm infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks

HE Xuemei, SHEN Haiqing, CHEN Jiahui, LEI Yihui, LIU Danyang, WANG Ying, YU Xiaodan, ZHU Jianxing, HE Zhengjuan

. 2016, 34(9):  651.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.003

Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (1479KB) ( 288 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the changes of protein and energy intakes and the z-score of weight for age in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks. Methods The data from 314 hospitalized premature infants (268 cases of AGA and 46 cases of SGA) during January 2012 to December 2014 were retrospectively collected. The intakes of protein and energy and the changes of weight within 2 weeks after birth were compared. Results Compared with AGA group, the hospital stays, durations of parenteral and enteral nutrition and total enteral nutrition, and time to achieve full dose feeding were significantly longer in SGA group (P?

The relationship between the doses in parenteral nutrition and short term outcomes in very low birth weight infants

CHENG Yu, LI Jing, FENG Yi, BEI Fei

. 2016, 34(9):  657.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.004

Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (1432KB) ( 287 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To compare the effects of different doses of amino acids and fat emulsions in parenteral nutrition on the incidence of complications and prognosis in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Methods The clinical data of 328 VLBWI who received nutrition support therapy for at least 5 days starting in 72 h after birth during January 2005 to December 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. According to the dosage in parenteral nutrition, patients were divided into low-dose group and high-dose group. The incidence of complications and prognosis between two groups were compared. Results There were 204 cases in low-dose group and 124 cases in high-dose group. Compared with the low-dose group, the incidence of complications was lower in high-dose group during hospitalization and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was reduced most; the incidence of developmental retardation was lower at discharge; the overall incidence of metabolic complications of parenteral nutrition was higher, among which the incidence of high blood glucose, electrolyte disturbance and cholestasis were increased and the incidence of hypoglycemia was lower, and the differences were all statistically significant (P??0.05). Conclutsions VLBWI can tolerate early aggressive parenteral nutrition which can reduce the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation and premature complications.

Neonatal dengue fever: four cases report

WANG Junping, ZHANG Yong, NIE Chuan, GAO Weiwei, SHUAI Chun, LIN Qianqing, HUANG Xiaorui, YANG Jie

. 2016, 34(9):  661.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.005

Abstract ( 524 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 219 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of neonatal dengue fever. Methods The clinical data from 4 neonates with dengue fever who were admitted and treated in 2014 were retrospectively analyzed and the related literatures had been reviewed. Results Four cases of neonatal dengue fever were all males. Three cases were mother to child transmission, the age at onset was 1 to 7 days after birth, and their mothers suffered with prenatal fever and were diagnozed of dengue fever during perinatal period. One case was community acquired, the age at onset was day 21 after birth and the neonate was bit by mosquito the day before. All four neonates had fever, two cases had rash, and one case had hemorrhagic spot. None of them had jaundice or cough. All of them had thrombocytopenia (30-125)×109/L, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (44.0-89.8 s), and increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (46-71 U/L). Three cases had declined fibrinogen (1.36-2.53 g/L). Two cases had increased CK-MB (29-86 U/L). Two cases had increased CRP (3.00-46.05 mg/L). After the treatment of anti-infection and intravenous immunoglobulin, all of them were cured and discharged. The duration of hospital stay was 4-17 days. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of neonatal dengue fever were mainly fever and blood coagulation dysfunction, clinical symptoms are mild and lack of specificity, and prognosis are good. Mother to child transmission is one of the ways of dengue virus infection.

Congenital hypothyroidism characterized by hydrops fetalis: one case report

JIANG Yan, AIYITI·Halidan, LENG Haiqing, YUSUFU·Reziya, BU Jun

. 2016, 34(9):  664.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.006

Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (1355KB) ( 377 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To explore the differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis and the rare presentations of neonatal congenital hypothyroidism. Methods The data of one congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed neonate with hydrops fetalis leading to birth asphyxia and respiratory failure were retrospectively analyzed. The relevant literatures were reviewed. Results A Uyghur female infant by cesarean delivery at gestational age of 38+5 week for intrauterine distress, presented general edema with cyanosis and dyspnea after birth. Trachea cannula was used to assist ventilation. At one-day old, the thyroid function examination showed that the serum thyroid stimulating hormone was >100 mU/L and the free thyroid was 6.56 pmol/L. Moreover, ultrasonographic examination indicated the thyroid aplasia. The clinical symptoms were improved after the treatment with the levothyroxine tablets replacement, and breathing machine was removed at 8-day old. The dosage of drug was adjusted by clinical manifestation and laboratory monitoring. The patient was discharged at 18-day old with the medicine and was followedup. Conclusions Congenital hypothyroidism can be the pathogenesis of hydrops fetalis and its differential diagnosis should be paid attention.

Clinical characteristics of pertussis in 17 neonates

XU Mei, DENG Jikui

. 2016, 34(9):  667.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.007

Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (1396KB) ( 549 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To explore the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pertussis in neonates. Methods Clinical data from 17 neonates with pertussis confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Bordetella pertussis, were retrospectively analyzed. Results In 17 neonates (8 males and 9 females), 2 neonates were premature. The age at onset was from 15 to 27 days. Thirteen cases had a history of close contact with coughing patients, 4 cases had nasal congestion and runny nose in the early stage, 5 cases had typical spastic cough, one case had cough with inspiratory “whoop”, 6 cases had flushing in face after severe cough, 7 cases had severe cough with cyanosis, 2 cases had systemic cyanosis before hospitalized, 7 cases had regurgitation after cough, and 3 cases had fever. Fifteen cases had increased peripheral blood white blood cell count, (12.57-79.63)×109/L, with lymphocyte at 45.1% -75.2%. The PCR copy number of pertussis was 7.12×1021.04×108/mL. Seventeen neonates were all treated with intravenous infusion of erythromycin, and all of them had a significantly improvement, and no death case. Conclusions Neonates with a history of contact with coughing patients, paroxysmal cough and increased of peripheral blood leucocyte presented as lymphocyte increase, need to be alert to pertussis, and relative examination should be taken as early as possible.

The clinical characteristics and etiological analysis of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in 138 children

WANG Wei, ZHANG Hui, TIAN Xiaoyin, ZHANG Guangli, CHEN Ming, MENG Qingqing, LUO Zhengxiu

. 2016, 34(9):  670.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.008

Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (1593KB) ( 339 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze the clinical feature and common etiology of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in children. Methods Clinical data from 138 children with initially diagnosed DAH were retrospectively analyzed. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis had been summarized. Results Among 138 children, 76 were male and 62 were female. The clinical features are pallor (130 cases, 94.2%), cough (86 cases, 62.3%), fever (74 cases, 53.6%), anhelation (67 cases, 48.6%), hemoptysis (59 cases, 42.8%) and dyspnea (43 cases, 31.2%). Chest imaging changes were mainly patch shadow and ground glass shadow. Moreover, the detection rate of hemosiderin cells in sputum, gastric juice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was 90.8% (79/87). The common underlying diseases that caused DAH were idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (65 cases), hematological system disease (22 cases), vascular inflammatory diseases (15 cases), infectious diseases (14 cases) and cardiovascular disease (5 cases). The mortality rate in acute phase of DHA was 23.2% (32/138). Conclusions DHA is a life-threatening clinical emergency disease, its cause was complex and diverse, and the acute mortality rate is high. Glucocorticoid is the first choice of treatment for majority of patients.

Clinical analysis of 14 cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in children

REN Wei, LONG Xiaoling, ZHOU Tao, FU Simao

. 2016, 34(9):  674.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.009

Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (1343KB) ( 286 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and drug sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children. Methods The data of children with diagnosed Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 2006 to 2016 were retrospectively analysis. Results There were 14 patients who had diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, most of whom were infants and toddlers (78.6%). The common complications were disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and pulmonary hemorrhage. In 14 patients, 7 patients were cured, 4 were died, and 3 were given up treatment by their family because of serious illness. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that isolated pseudomonas aeruginosa had good sensitivity to aminoglycosides and quinolones. Conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis is more common in infants and toddlers, with high mortality. For suspected patients, the antibiotic that covers the Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be used in early antibiotic therapy.

The value of clinical features combined with 3-D reconstruction of multi-slice spiral CT in diagnosis of foreign body in trachea or bronchus in children

SUN Manli, WU Bailong

. 2016, 34(9):  677.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.010

Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (1549KB) ( 390 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To explore the value of clinical features combined with 3-D reconstruction of multi-slice spiral CT in diagnosis of foreign body in trachea or bronchus in children. Methods The data of 52 children diagnosed of foreign body in trachea or bronchus were retrospectively reviewed. Both clinical features and 3-D reconstruction of multi-slice spiral CT were analyzed and summarized. Results In 52 children included (35 males and 17 females), 82.7% were under 3 years old. 30 children has repeated coughing and wheezing as the principal manifestation while 22 children presented with burst irritating and cough as primary manifestation. The main clinical signs were the asymmetry of pulmonary respiration (43 cases), wheeze (32 cases) and moist rale (29 cases). The positive rate of 3-D reconstruction of multi-slice spiral CT was 100% and consistent with the results of surgery. Among them, 5 cases were embedded in the trachea, 27 cases in the right bronchus, and 20 cases in the left bronchus. The main complications were emphysema (38 cases), bronchitis and pneumonia (32 cases), and pulmonary atelectasis (5 cases). Conclusion The combination of clinical features and 3-D reconstruction of multi-slice spiral CT can provide a reliable basis for the diagnosis of foreign body in trachea or bronchus in children.

IgA nephropathy combined with hemangioma of bladder in children: a case report

ZHANG Hongwen, ZHANG Bao, YAO Yong, XIAO Huijie

. 2016, 34(9):  680.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.011

Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (1409KB) ( 375 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To explore the diagnosis of pediatric clinical hematuria disease. Methods The clinical data of one pediatric patient with IgA nephropathy combined with multiple bladder hemangioma were summarized and analyzed. Results For more than 6 years, 9-year-old female presented with repeated intermittent gross hematuria and persistent microscopic hematuria with the blood clot in urine after several respiratory tract infections. Routine urine test showed protein +++, RBC in full field of vision/HP, and 0.54-1.02 g of 24 h urine protein quantitation. Early damage index of kidney is mainly based on microalbumin. The ultrasound showed no abnormal abdomen and urinary tract. Also there was no abnormality in enhanced urinary tract CT scan. Renal arteriography showed no fistula or arteriovenous malformation. Pathological diagnosis of renal biopsy was focal proliferative IgA nephropathy. Cystoscopy examination suggested multiple hemangioma of bladder. Conclusion Bladder hemangioma is a rare condition in childhood. For children presented gross hematuria with blood clots, when the imaging finds no abnormalities or other diseases and the treatment of IgA nephropathy is unsatisfatry after diagnosis, the cystoscopy should be performed to exclude the possibility of bladder hemangioma.

Lemierre syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus: one case report

WANG Mengmeng, SUN Hongyang, LIU Yu, BU Limei

. 2016, 34(9):  683.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.012

Abstract ( 412 )   PDF (1620KB) ( 255 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objectives To analyze the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Lemierre syndrome. Methods The clinical data of one case of Lemierre syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. The relevant literatures were reviewed. Results The primary infection of the patient was oral infection, and jugular vein thrombosis and metastatic lung abscess were followed. The blood culture showed that Staphylococcus aureus was positive. Lemierre syndrome was diagnosed. After anticoagulation and anti-infection treatment, the symptoms were improved. Conclusion Lemierre syndrome should be considered in present of jugular vein thrombosis and pulmonary abscess caused by infection.

Application of single nucleotide polymorphism microarray technology in diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: one case report

WANG Yan, HONG Xiaoyang, PENG Wei, ZHANG Xiaojuan, YANG Xiao, FENG Zhichun

. 2016, 34(9):  686.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.013

Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (1517KB) ( 327 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To explore the diagnosis strategy of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Methods SNP-array technology was used to analyze the variation of whole genome copy number in one patient whose clinical features were in accord with the diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Results Two-months-old male patient had been detected to have 1.8 Mb deletion mutation in 16p13.3 region (chr16: 2903942-4748851), in which the pathogenic CREBBP gene was located. Conclusions Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) technology, such as SNP-array, can be used to make a molecular diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis in a family: 2 cases report

HUANG Jianqi, CHEN Xianrui, BAI Haitao

. 2016, 34(9):  689.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.014

Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (1560KB) ( 435 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To report the clinical manifestation and gene mutation of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) in two patients from one family. Methods The data of clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, and family history of two patients were collected. The peripheral blood of patients and their parents were collected. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (NTRK1) gene was detected directly by Sanger method, the pathogenicity of the mutation in the gene was analyzed by bioinformatics. Results Both of patients were female and mainly suffered with reduplicated non-infectious fever, anhidrosis, insensitive to pain, and mental retardation. The proband had fracture many times after minor injury. The ninth exon of NTRK 1 genes in the proband and her younger sister were found to have heterozygous mutations, c.851-33T>A, as previously reported. Meanwhile, there was also found a new mutation, c.1711G>A (p.G571S), in thirteenth exon of NTRK 1 genes in these two patients. It was predicted to be a harmful mutation by bioinformatics and the mutation site is conservative. Their father and mother were found carrying the c.851-33T>A and c.1711G>A mutations respectively. Conclusion Both patients had typical clinical manifestations. And the newly discovered p.G571S mutation expands the mutation spectrum of NTRK 1 gene.

Glucocorticoid versus intravenous injection of human immunoglobulin in treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia in children: a meta-analysis

YANG Min, LIU Wenjun, BAI Yongqi, GUO Qulian

. 2016, 34(9):  694.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.015

Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (1621KB) ( 417 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of glucocorticoid versus intravenous injection of human immunoglobulin (IVIG) in treatment of with acute primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children. Methods PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese biomedical literature database (CBM), Chinese Journal Full Text Database (CNKI) and Wanfang database were searched. The bibliography was screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,and the target literatures were selected. The data were extracted and the quality of included literatures was evaluated. Revman 5.3 software was used to make meta-analysis. Results In 1500 papers searched, 8 papers met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that there was a statistical significance in platelet count (PLT, >20×109/L) after being treated for 48 h between glucocorticoid group and IVIG group (RR =0.77, 95% CI: 0.67~0.89). In subgroup analysis, there were statistical significance in methylprednisolone (MP) 30 mg/kg versus IVIG 1 g/(kg·d)×2 d, and metacortandratin (PDN) 4 mg/kg versus IVIG 1 g/(kg·d)×2 d (RR =0.66, 95% CI: 0.47-0.91; RR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.660.95). After treatment for 24 h and 72 h, the platelet count >20×109/L were significantly different in glucocorticoid group and in IVIG group (RR =0.69, 95% CI: 0.53-0.91; RR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.74-0.90). Moreover, after treatment for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, the platelet count >50×109/L were significantly different between glucocorticoid group and IVIG group (RR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.21-0.69; RR =0.53, 95% CI: 0.41-0.69; RR =0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.93). There was no difference in the incidence of splenic resection between two groups (RR =5.41, 95% CI: 0.95-30.74, P =0.06). Conclusion The probability of platelet count to reach >20×109/L in the initial treatment with glucocorticoid of acute ITP patients were 32% lower than that with IVIG. With the initial therapeutic target being platelet count >50×109/L in 3 days, the effect of IVIG was better.

Basic and clinical research of lymphocytic variant hypereosinophilic

GONG Ruolan

. 2016, 34(9):  703.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.016

Abstract ( 496 )   PDF (1439KB) ( 494 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Eosinophil disorders are a range of heterogeneous diseases, which manifest as persistent increase of eosinophile granulocyte in blood and tissue, and may cause microenvironment change and irreversible chronic organ damage. According to World Health Organization, eosinophil diseases were divided into hypereosinophilia (HE) and hypereosinophilia syndrome (HES) by whether the organ is involved. Besides familial HE, HE were also divided into secondary (reactive) HE, primary (clonal/ neoplastic) HE, and idiopathic HE. Lymphocytic variant HE is a special kind of secondary HE. With the study of the molecular mechanism of lymphocytic variant HE, the diagnosis is gradually clear. Moreover, some targeted therapeutic drugs, such as anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody (Mepolizumab) and anti CD52 monoclonal antibody (Alemtuzumab) were also appeared. In this paper, the current basic and clinical researches of lymphocytic variant HE are reviewed.

Research progress in pediatric intravenous fluid tension

WANG Yingli, YANG Gang

. 2016, 34(9):  708.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.017

Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (1452KB) ( 235 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Pediatric patients usually require intravenous infusion maintenance fluid. Currently, maintenance fluid with 1/5 tension, 1/2 tension, and isotonic contraction were commonly used and fluid with 1/5 tension and even with no tension is still commonly used. In recent years, a large number of high quality randomized controlled trials and meta analyses showed that compared with the traditional low tension maintenance fluid, 1/2 tension or isotonic maintenance fluid can effectively reduce the incidence of acute hyponatremia and the adverse reactions such as hypernatremia while hypernatremia were not caused. A number of national guidelines also recommend the use of 1/2 tension or isotonic contraction as a standard for maintaining liquid. In this paper, the present status and recent progress in the use of intravenous maintenance fluid in pediatric patients were reviewed.

Analysis of causes of extrauterine growth restriction in premature infants and the status of nutritional intake 

LIN Jiajun

. 2016, 34(9):  712.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2016.09.018

Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (1388KB) ( 314 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in premature infant is a common problem in the world. The reasons for high EUGR rate, such as declining gestational age and birth weight, getting more medical treatment and examination or interruption of nutritional support, had been profoundly studied. However, there are few reports about the limited ability of intakes of energy and various nutrients and the updating of the growth standard curve . Research suggested that the average time taken to reach the recommended fat intake in preterm infants is proximately day 6 after birth, protein day 4 after birth, carbohydrate oneweek after birth. Vitamins and trace elements are usually not able to or take a long time to reach the recommended nutrient intake. Without enough intake of energy and nutrients to maintain the need of intrauterine growth rate and catch-up growth in preterm infants, EUGR cannot be improved. In this paper, the EUGR and the intake of important nutrients, such as energy, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals, etc., during hospitalization were reviewed in hope to achieve more rational and standardized management for preterm infant,and provide more reasonable advise to control EUGR.