目的 分析儿童人偏肺病毒肺炎（hMPV）的临床特征及重症发生的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2020年10月至2021年3月住院的hMPV肺炎患儿的临床资料。按病情分为轻症组及重症组进行比较分析。结果 纳入hMPV肺炎558例，男309例、女249例，中位年龄3.4（1.7~4.4）岁，轻症组515例、重症组43例，合并基础病109例。与轻症组相比，重症组年龄<3岁以及有基础疾病史的患儿比例较高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。hMPV肺炎患儿主要临床表现为发热（85.0%）、咳嗽（96.4%）、喘息（39.8%）及肺部湿啰音（74.0%），呕吐等肺外表现少见。113例合并细菌感染，其中以肺炎链球菌最常见（54例）。hMPV肺炎住院患儿的抗生素使用率较高（50.7%，283例）。重症组喘息、气促、喘鸣音、胸腔积液、肺不张，外周血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白水平，合并细菌感染比例均高于轻症组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与轻症组相比，重症组使用氧疗、肺泡灌洗、抗生素、全身糖皮质激素比例较高，住院时间较长，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。二分类logistic回归分析结果发现，年龄<3岁、喘息、合并基础病及CRP≥25 mg/L是发生重症hMPV肺炎的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 hMPV肺炎主要以发热、咳嗽、喘息及肺部湿啰音为表现，易合并细菌感染，但肺外并发症少见，总体预后良好。但对于<3岁儿童，有喘息、合并基础病及C反应蛋白升高的患儿需警惕发生重症肺炎。

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pneumonia in children and the risk factors for severe hMPV pneumonia. Methods The clinical data of children with hMPV pneumonia hospitalized from October 2020 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into mild group and severe group for comparative analysis. Results A total of 558 patients (309 boys and 249 girls) with hMPV pneumonia were included, and the median age was 3.4 (1.7-4.4) years. There were 515 children in mild group and 43 in severe group. One hundred and nine children were complicated with underlying disease. Compared with the mild group, the severe group had a higher proportion of children younger than 3 years old and with a history of underlying diseases, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The main clinical manifestations of children with hMPV pneumonia were fever (85.0%), cough (96.4%), wheezing (39.8%) and pulmonary moist rales (74.0%). Extra-pulmonary manifestations such as vomiting were rare. One hundred and thirteen patients had bacterial infection, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the commonest (54 cases). The rate of antibiotic use was higher in hospitalized children with hMPV pneumonia (50.7%, 283 cases). The proportion of wheezing, shortness of breath, wheezing sound, pleural effusion and atelectasis, the level of WBC and CRP in peripheral blood and the proportion of bacterial infection in the severe group were higher than those in the mild group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the mild group, the proportion of oxygen therapy, alveolar lavage, antibiotics and systemic glucocorticoids use in the severe group was higher, the hospital stay was longer, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age <3 years old, wheezing, complicated underlying diseases and CRP≥25mg/L were risk factors for severe hMPV pneumonia (P<0.05). Conclusions The main manifestations of hMPV are fever, cough, wheezing and moist rale in the lungs which is easy to be complicated with bacterial infection, but extra-pulmonary complications are rare and the overall prognosis is good. However, for children < 3 years old, children with wheezing, underlying disease, and elevated CRP need to be alert to severe pneumonia.