目的 外源性肺表面活性物质（PS）给药是否可以延长早产儿肺出血后的存活时间，目前尚缺乏足够的证据。本研究旨在评估肺出血后给予表面活性物质对早产儿生存预后的影响。方法 研究对象为2017年1月1日至2022年12月31日期间入院的胎龄（GA）<34周早产儿，住院期间罹患有肺出血。肺出血发生后经父母同意将于出血稳定期后额外给予患儿一剂PS治疗，给药时间为肺出血发生后2~4小时。因此，根据医院信息系统的记录，参与者回顾性地被分为肺出血后PS给药组（n=16）和肺出血后非PS给药组（n=40）。结果 肺出血后PS给药组新生儿动脉血气数值更佳。此外，PS给药组咖啡因持续用药时间和有创通气持续时间更长（P<0.05）。组间比较显示肺出血后应用PS可以降低72小时及168小时内的短期全因死亡率（P<0.05），但对于702小时内及完整住院期间的全因死亡率，两组比较无显著差异。考虑生存时间应用生存曲线Log-rank检验显示肺出血后应用PS可以降低72小时内、168小时内和完整住院期间内的死亡风险（P<0.05），但对702小时内的死亡风险除外。而Breslow检验则显示肺出血后应用PS可以显著延长肺出血后72小时至出院的生存时间（P<0.05）。结论 GA<34周早产儿肺出血后给予PS可能具有潜在的获益，但是尚需要进一步临床研究以探索该治疗方式是否能够改善此类患儿的远期结局。

Objective Whether exogenous pulmonary surfactant (PS) administration could prolong the survival time of preterm infants after pulmonary hemorrhage is currently a lack of sufficient evidence. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of surfactant administration after pulmonary hemorrhage on the survival prognosis of preterm infants. Methods The study participants were preterm babies, gestational age (GA) <34 weeks, with pulmonary hemorrhage admitted from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022. After pulmonary hemorrhage, infants would be given an additional dose of PS if the parents agreed. The timing of administration is usually 2-4 hours after the pulmonary hemorrhage stabilizes. Accordingly, the participants were retrospectively divided into the PS administration group after pulmonary hemorrhage (n=16) and the non-PS administration group after pulmonary hemorrhage (n=40) according to the records from hospital information system. Results It was found that the blood gas was better after PS administration. Moreover, the survival time, duration of caffeine administration, and duration of invasive ventilation were significantly longer in the PS administration group (P<0.05). The intergroup comparison showed that the application of PS after pulmonary hemorrhage could reduce the short-term all-cause mortality within 72 hours and 168 hours (P<0.05), but for the all-cause mortality within 702 hours and during the complete hospitalization period, there was no significant difference between the two groups. The Log-rank test of the survival curve showed that the application of PS after pulmonary hemorrhage could reduce the risk of death within 72 hours, within 168 hours, and during the full hospitalization period (P<0.05), except for the risk of death within 702 hours. The Breslow test showed that the application of PS after pulmonary hemorrhage could significantly prolong the survival time from 72 hours after pulmonary hemorrhage to discharge (P<0.05). Conclusion Administering PS to preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks after pulmonary hemorrhage may have potential benefits, further clinical studies are needed to explore whether this treatment can improve the long-term outcomes.