目的 筛查启东市婴儿肾脏病的发生情况，评估早期筛查及干预的效果，探索儿童慢性肾脏病（CKD）的早期筛查模式。方法 建立前瞻性队列，对2022年出生并接受儿童健康体检的启东市0~1岁婴儿进行尿液试纸和泌尿系统超声的双筛查，对尿液初筛异常者进行复筛，对超声筛查异常者进行随访。通过问卷调查家长对儿童肾脏病的知晓情况，采用卡方检验评估家长学历与知晓率相关性。结果 共纳入1 988名婴儿，中位年龄为1.10（0.73~3.20）个月，男性988名（49.7%）。完成尿液筛查1 933名（97.2%），初筛检出异常180例（9.3%），以尿白细胞增多为最常见，复筛异常率0.5%。完成超声筛查1 958名（98.5%），检出异常231例（11.8%），其中先天性肾脏和尿路畸形195例（10.0%），以单纯性肾盂扩张为主（轻度140例、中度9例、重度2例），其次为重复肾/双肾盂、单肾小/双肾不等大、肾囊肿和输尿管末端囊肿。此外检出25例肾结晶和10例双肾回声增强。1 903名婴儿同时完成了尿液试纸和泌尿系统超声双筛查，双筛查异常者17例（0.89%）。回收儿童肾脏病认知问卷1 809份（回收率91.0%），家长对儿童肾脏病的知晓率为11.2%。父母学历为大专及以上者，其儿童肾脏病知晓率显著高于学历较低者（P<0.05）。有2例重度肾积水患儿经筛查早期确诊，获得及时的手术干预，预后良好。结论 生后早期尿液试纸和泌尿系统超声筛查有助于早期发现儿童CKD，可为临床早期、有效干预提供重要依据。

Objective To investigate the incidence of kidney diseases for children in Qidong, evaluate the efficacy of early screening and intervention, and explore a feasible early screening model for pediatric chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Methods A prospective cohort was established, and children (0-1 year old) born in 2022 who underwent child health examinations at Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital were enrolled. Dual screening (urinary system ultrasound and urine dipstick screening) was performed. Infants with abnormal results in initial urine dipstick were repeat screened, and those with abnormalities found in the ultrasound screening were followed up. The questionnaire was used to assess parental awareness of pediatric kidney diseases, and the association between parents’ educational level and the awareness were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results A total of 1 988 infants were included, with a median age of 1.10 (0.73-3.20) months, including 988 boys (49.7%). Ultrasound screening was completed for 1958 individuals (98.5%), and 231 abnormal cases (11.8%) were detected. Among them, 195 cases (10.0%) were congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, primarily isolated renal pelvis dilation (140 mild, 9 moderate, and 2 severe cases), followed by duplex kidney or duplicated renal pelvis, unilateral small kidney or bilateral kidneys of unequal size, renal cysts, and distal ureteral cysts. Additionally, 25 cases of renal crystal and 10 cases of increased echogenicity of both kidneys were detected. A total of 1933 individuals (97.2%) completed urine dipstick screening. Abnormalities were detected in 180 cases (9.3%) during the initial screening, with increased white blood cells in urine being the most common. The abnormal rate of re-screening was 0.5%. A total of 1903 infants completed dual screening. Among them, 17 cases (0.89%) had abnormal results in both screenings. A total of 1809 parental questionnaires on pediatric kidney diseases awareness were collected (response rate 91.0%), with an awareness rate of 11.2%. Parents with an educational level of college or above had a significantly higher awareness rate compared to those with lower education levels (P<0.05). Two cases of severe hydronephrosis were identified through early screening and were promptly treated with surgical intervention, with favorable prognoses achieved. Conclusions Early postnatal urinary system ultrasound and urine dipstick screening facilitate the early detection of pediatric kidney diseases, providing a crucial evidence for timely and effective clinical intervention.