目的　了解河南农村3~6岁儿童忽视现况及影响因素。方法　采用“中国农村3~6岁儿童忽视常模”制定的量表和评价方法，用忽视率和忽视度调查并描述河南农村3~6岁儿童受忽视状况，并分析相关因素。结果　450名调查对象的总忽视率为37.1%(167/450)，总忽视度为51.9±6.5。男童总忽视率高于女童(P<0.05)，但总忽视度的性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；不同年龄组的总忽视率和总忽视度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)，随年龄增长有递增趋势；三代同堂、核心家庭与单亲或再婚家庭总忽视率和总忽视度差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)，均以单亲或再婚家庭的总忽视率和总忽视度为最高；非独生子女的总忽视率和总忽视度均高于独生子女(P<0.05)；留守儿童总忽视率和总忽视度、六个层面的忽视率和忽视度均高于非留守儿童，差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示，家庭类型为单亲家庭或再婚家庭(OR=4.78，95% CI：2.10~10.87)、非独生子女(OR=4.53，95% CI：1.99~10.01)是儿童受到忽视的独立危险因素(P均<0.01)；而父母亲文化程度为大专及以上(OR=0.09，95% CI：0.01~0.40)、父母亲职业为科技工作者(OR=0.20，95% CI：0.10~0.67)以及非留守儿童(OR=0.03，95% CI：0.00~0.54)是儿童受到忽视的保护因素(P均<0.01)。结论　河南农村3~6岁儿童受忽视程度比较严重，尤其是留守儿童。

Objectives　 To study the current status of child neglect and its influencing factors in children aged 3-6 years in rural Henan. Methods　Scales and evaluation methods in the "Chinese rural child aged 3-6 years neglected evaluation model" were applied in this study. The neglect rate and the neglect degree were used to describe the neglect status of rural children aged 3-6 years in Henan. The influencing factors for child neglect were also analyzed. Results　The total neglect rate in 450 enrolled children was 37.1% (167/450). The total neglect degree was 51.9±6.5. The boys had significantly higher neglect rate than girls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in neglect degree between boys and girls (P>0.05). There were significant differences in neglect rate and neglect degree among the different age groups (P<0.05), the higher neglect rate and higher neglect degree over age. The neglect rate and neglect degree in nuclear families and families with three generations were lower than those in single-parent families and remarried families (P<0.05). The neglect rate and neglect degree in non-only children were higher than those in only children (P<0.05). The left-behind children had significantly higher neglect rate and neglect degree than children living with parents (P<0.05). Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk factors of child neglect were single-parent families (OR = 4.78, 95% CI : 2.10-10.87) and remarried families (OR=4.53, 95% CI : 1.99-10.01). The protective factors of child neglect were parents working on science (OR = 0.20, 95% CI : 0.10-0.67) and living with parents (OR = 0.03, 95% CI : 0.00-0.54). Conclusions　The neglect status is serious in Henan rural children, particularly in left-behind children.