目的 探讨重型β地中海贫血患儿异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后发生结核分支杆菌感染的诊断 和治疗。方法　回顾分析1例allo-HSCT后发生结核分支杆菌感染的重型β地中海贫血患儿的临床资料，并复习相关文 献。结果　重型β地中海贫血患儿，女， 6岁，经异基因脐血及骨髓造血干细胞移植后发生播散性结核分支杆菌感染，经 HRZE方案（异烟肼、利福喷丁、吡嗪酰胺与乙胺丁醇）抗痨治疗后好转。结论 allo-HSCT后结核分支杆菌感染较少见， 应及时诊断和治疗。

 Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a child with severe β Mediterranean anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods The clinical data of a child with severe β mediterranean anemia who had Mycobacterium tuberculosis after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed. The pertinent literatures were reviewed. Results Six-year-old girl with mediterranean anemia was infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis after allo-HSCT. After anti tuberculosis treatment by HRZE (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol), the condition was improved. Conclusion It is rare of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after allo-HSCT, which needs timely diagnose and treatment.