糖皮质激素是治疗儿童肾病综合征的首选药物，但由于种种原因，部分肾病综合症患儿发生激素依赖或耐药， 演变为难治性肾病，这迫使临床医师必须不断寻找新的免疫抑制剂用于缓解病情。利妥昔单抗注射液（RTX）作为CD20 的单克隆抗体，近年来广泛应用于多种免疫性疾病的治疗，并取得了良好的治疗效果。文章综述了RTX在儿童难治性肾 病中的使用，其主要不良反应和可能的作用机制。

Glucocorticoid is the first choice for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children. But due to various reasons, nephrotic syndrome becomes hormone dependent or resistant, and progresses into refractory nephrotic syndrome in some children, which forces the clinician to constantly look for new immunosuppressants in order to alleviate the condition.,Rituximab injection (RTX) as a monoclonal antibody against CD20 has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of immune diseases in recent years. The use of RTX in refractory nephrotic syndrome in children, its main adverse effects and possible mechanisms was reviewed in this article.