Abstract: 　Objectives　To observe correlation between serum vitamin A status and prevalence or severity of NRDS. Methods　Recruited into this study were 166 preterm infants admitted to our neonatal department. The serum concentration of vitamin A was measured, and the prevalence of NRDS at different levels of vitamin A was compared. According to the clinical manifestation and X-rays, there were 30 infants diagnosed as NRDS. Another 30 patients from the rest 133 infants without NRDS were randomly selected as control group according to the gestational ages, then the difference between NRDS group and control group were observed according to gestational ages. The 30 preterm infants with NRDS were divided further into mild group (including stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ , n=18) and severe group (including stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ , n=12) according to findings chest X-ray, then the difference between these two groups were observed. Results　In the 166 preterm infants recruited, 65/166 had serum vitamin A lower than 0.35 μmol/L, in which 14/65 (21.54%) were NRDS patients. Another 93/166 patients had serum vitamin A ranged from 0.35 μmol/L to 0.7 μmol/L, in which 15/93 (16.13%) were NRDS patient. The rest 8/166 had serum vitamin A higher than 0.7 μmol/L, in which 1/8 (12.50%) were NRDS patient. However, the differences between each two groups were not significant. When gestational ages ranged from 34 to 37 weeks, the serum concentrations of vitamin A of NRDS group were lower than that in controls (P<0.05). No significant difference between the serum concentrations of vitamin A and the severity of NRDS were observed (P>0.05). Conclusions　The prevalence of NRDS for those preterm infants lacking of vitamin A was tended to increase. And the late preterm infants (34 w ≤ GA <37 w) with vitamin A deficiency are prone to NRDS.