上海市市郊两区16岁以下儿童流感疫苗接种情况及影响因素分析

doi:10.12372/jcp.2026.25e1162

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的了解上海市16岁以下儿童流感疫苗接种情况及家长对流感、流感疫苗的认知情况，分析流感疫苗接种的影响因素，为提高流感疫苗接种率、预防流感在儿童人群中的流行提供参考依据。方法 2024年9月至2025年2月采用便利抽样选取上海市杨浦区和宝山区共527名调查对象进行问卷调查。问卷包括流感疫苗接种情况调查表以及自制的流感和流感疫苗认知情况调查表。采用多因素logistic回归分析影响儿童流感疫苗接种的相关因素。结果共发放527份问卷，回收525份，其中有效问卷506份，有效率96.4%。506名儿童中，男244名（48.2%）、女262名（51.8%），中位年龄8（5~11）岁。接种过流感疫苗的儿童共287名（56.7%），其中至少接种过1次的133名，仅在流感季节接种的76名，每年接种1次的78名；从未接种流感疫苗的共219名（43.3%）。家长愿意为孩子接种流感疫苗的最主要原因是预防流感，担心疫苗安全性是家长不愿为孩子接种流感疫苗及不愿意再次接种的主要原因。多因素logistic回归显示，有早产史（OR=0.38，95%CI：0.18~0.83），家长在机关、企事业单位工作（OR=2.03，95%CI：1.06~3.86），家长为社会生产生活服务人员（OR=3.22，95%CI：1.40~7.40），以及家长的流感知识认知分数（OR=1.24，95%CI：1.08~1.44）均与儿童流感疫苗接种情况存在相关性（P<0.05）。结论儿童流感疫苗接种率仍有待提高，特别针对早产儿等特殊群体；疫苗安全性是家长关注的主要问题。

关键词: 流感疫苗, 接种, 影响因素, 儿童

Abstract:

Objective To understand the influenza vaccination situation of children under 16 years old in Shanghai and parents' awareness of influenza and influenza vaccines, analyze the influencing factors of influenza vaccination, and provide a reference basis for improving the influenza vaccination rate and preventing the prevalence of influenza among children. Methods A total of 527 subjects from Yangpu District and Baoshan District in Shanghai were selected from September 2024 to February 2025, by convenience sampling for a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included an influenza vaccination status survey and a self-made survey on knowledge about influenza and the influenza vaccine. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with childhood influenza vaccination. Results A total of 527 questionnaires were distributed, 525 were collected, and 506 were valid, yielding an effective rate of 96.4%. Among the 506 children, 244 (48.2%) were boys and 262 (51.8%) were girls, with a median age of 8 (5-11) years. A total of 287 children (56.7%) had been vaccinated against influenza, of whom 133 had received at least one dose, 76 were vaccinated only during the flu season, and 78 were vaccinated annually; 219 children (43.3%) had never been vaccinated. The main reason why parents are willing to have their children vaccinated against the flu is to prevent flu infection, while concerns about vaccine safety were the main reasons parents were unwilling to vaccinate their children or reluctant to vaccinate again. Multivariate logistic regression showed that history of preterm birth (OR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.83), parents working in government agencies, enterprises, or institutions (OR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.06-3.86), parents engaged in social production and living services (OR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.40-7.40), and the influenza knowledge (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.08-1.44) were all correlated with childhood influenza vaccination status (P<0.05). Conclusions The childhood influenza vaccination rate still needs improvement, especially for special groups such as preterm infants; vaccine safety remains a major concern for parents.

Key words: influenza vaccine, inoculation, influencing factor, child

中图分类号:

贾茹, 马燕, 俞群, 刘海平, 刘萍. 上海市市郊两区16岁以下儿童流感疫苗接种情况及影响因素分析[J]. 临床儿科杂志, 2026, 44(1): 31-37.

JIA Ru, MA Yan, YU Qun, LIU Haiping, LIU Ping. An analysis of influenza vaccine coverage and influencing factors among children under 16 years old in two suburban districts of Shanghai[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 2026, 44(1): 31-37.

图/表 2

表1

儿童流感疫苗接种相关因素的单因素分析"

项目	接种组(n=14)	未接种组(n=14)	统计量	P
儿童情况
男性	133（46.3）	111（50.7）	χ²=0.94	0.369
年龄			χ²=11.48	0.022
<1岁	12（4.2）	12（5.5）
1~3岁	22（7.7）	15（6.8）
4~6岁	80（27.9）	48（21.9）
7~11岁	119（41.5）	76（34.7）
12~16岁	54（18.8）	68（31.1）
居住地			χ²=0.20	0.904
市区	207（72.1）	161（73.5）
郊区	61（21.3）	43（19.6）
农村	19（6.6）	15（6.8）
学校性质			χ²=0.01	1.000
公立	255（88.9）	195（89.0）
私立	32（11.1）	24（11.0）
既往疾病史			－	0.223¹⁾
无	267（93.0）	203（92.7）
哮喘	14（4.9）	7（3.2）
糖尿病	2（0.7）	0
短肠综合征	0	1（0.5）
系统性红斑狼疮	0	1（0.5）
先天性心脏病	2（0.7）	2（0.9）
癫痫	0	3（1.4）
其他	2（0.7）	2（0.9）
早产史	12（4.2）	21（9.6）	χ²=5.96	0.018
受试者情况
与儿童的关系			χ²=0.10	0.757
父亲	73（25.4）	53（24.2）
母亲	214（74.6）	166（75.8）
年龄			χ²=0.12	0.943
18~29岁	32（11.1）	25（11.4）
30~49岁	250（87.1）	191（87.2）
≥50岁	5（1.7）	3（1.4）
婚姻状况			χ²=4.46	0.108
未婚	2（0.7）	2（0.9）
已婚	280（97.6）	206（94.1）
离异	5（1.7）	11（5.0）
子女数			χ²=0.17	0.760
1个	209（72.8）	163（74.4）
≥2个	78（27.2）	56（25.6）
职业			χ²=15.44	0.017
无	22（7.7）	36（16.4）
机关、企业、事业单位	98（34.1）	66（30.1）
专业技术人员	42（14.6）	24（11.0）
医疗相关行业	79（27.5）	62（28.3）
社会生产生活服务人员	35（12.2）	16（7.3）
农林牧副渔人员	1（0.3）	1（0.5）
其他	10（3.5）	14（6.4）
文化程度			χ²=4.57	0.206
高中及以下	20（7.0）	19（8.7）
大专	53（18.5）	55（25.1）
本科	169（58.9）	118（53.9）
研究生及以上	45（15.7）	27（12.3）
家庭年收入			χ²=0.97	0.615
≤10万元	53（18.5）	41（18.7）
11~30万元	153（53.3）	108（49.3）
>30万元	81（28.2）	70（32.0）
流感知识认知分数	5（5~6）	5（4~6）	Z=3.48	0.001
流感疫苗知识认知分数	4（2~5）	3（1~5）	Z=2.84	0.005

表1

表2

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因素	β	S.E.	χ²值	P	OR(95%CI)
早产史	－0.96	0.39	5.99	0.014	0.38（0.18~0.83）
机关、企业、事业单位¹⁾	0.71	0.33	4.60	0.032	2.03（1.06~3.86）
社会生产生活服务人员¹⁾	1.17	0.42	7.61	0.006	3.22（1.40~7.40）
流感知识认知分数	0.22	0.07	8.80	0.003	1.24（1.08~1.44）
常量	－1.77	0.59	9.09	0.003	－